“If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of everyone, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it.” – Thomas Jefferson
Photo by Fatty Tuna
China is often admired for its vibrant variety of cuisine, a long and enchanting history, delicate ceramic, silk, and other cultural arts, not to mention, a vibrant street market of cheap copied DVDs, pirated software, and fake designer clothing. The dichotomy of rich cultural heritage based in Confucian and Daoist doctrine paired with an almost flagrant neglect for characteristically “western” values for intellectual property rights (IPR) can surprise the unassuming visitor. The fakes, the poor product quality, and an apparent disregard for IPR make foreign governments and businesses unsure of China’s innovation potential. Understanding the past, present, and future of China IPR is key to successful business in China.
Foreign media consistently overwhelms the international community with impressive statistics of China’s growth. That growth is enthusiastically fueled by continual investment from the world’s multinational corporations in the new “socialist economy with Chinese characteristics.” Depending on the source, China’s GDP growth hovers at just a fraction under 10% year-on-year – a record for a country’s development by almost any standard. The so-called “gradualist-reform” inspired by Deng Xiaoping’s famous Southern Tour in 1992 and subsequent opening of the economy that led to China’s eventual inclusion in the World Trade Organization in 2001 has attracted a frenzy of foreign direct investment and an overall global rush to enter the China market. Annual factory growth, though slowing in recent months, holds steady at around 17% while export growth hovers around 20-30% . It wasn’t long before the world recognized China would become the “factory of the world”. The technical competitive advantages of companies opening facilities in China rolled in on waves of technology and intellectual property transfer. Literally millions of China’s poorest citizens were trained to operate all manner of machinery in order to manufacture anything the world ordered.
The more Gucci pocketbooks and James Bond movies China’s workers manufactured, the more local people realized they might like one or two themselves. After all, a fake Rolex from one of the original Rolex factories really didn’t seem so different from the real thing sold for thousands times the price in downtown London. Fakes and counterfeit products are good export moneymakers too. In fact piracy and counterfeiting has been consistently on the rise since China took the title from Taiwan, Russia, and Southeast Asia. The Geneva Chamber of Commerce claims that 7% of all global trade is counterfeit goods. Estimates put foreign firm’s losses at $20 billion annually with two out of five companies losing more than 20 percent of their local revenue sometimes reaching as much as $150 million annually. And this isn’t just fake CDs and DVDs. Half the motorcycles sold in the China market are imitations of Japanese Yamaha and Honda. 97% of 1300 synthetic medicines produced in China are copies. High-technology items, such as microprocessors, are knocked off as well, modified to accommodate pirated components in video game consoles or computers thereby creating a value-chain based on piracy. There’s often no way to reliably tell if a product is real or not. Of course, most people probably wouldn’t be surprised to know that the “US-based Business Software Alliance claims that 96 percent of China’s software is illegally copied.” A CD of software on the street sells for less than a dollar and legitimate stores are virtually nonexistent. The processes for mitigating the mass IPR problems are weak at best. It can take five to six years in China to successfully remove a bad-faith trademark that violates IPR. Counterfeit products take up valuable Chinese domestic market share and are also aggressively exported overseas creating a real problem for both Chinese and foreign companies trying to leverage corporate intellectual property in China. (more…)
